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Amur Leopard May 07, 2005 3:26 AM
AMUR LEOPARD
Pantherspardus orientalis
This beautiful animal is found in temeprate forest ranging from Amur River valley of Siberia to Manchuria, Korea.
The Amur leopard is a solitary and nocturnal animal and has adapted to living in cold, snowy climates with their long legs and hair as well as living in regions with summer temperatures from 77 to 95 degrees. The hair is a light hue in winter and a reddish-yellow hue in the summer. The rosette spot patterns are widely spaced and are large with thick borders, usually having no spaces between the spots. This cat can run at speeds of 37 miles per hour for short periods of time.
Conservation: The Amur leopard is listed as an endangered species by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service and as an Appendix I species under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITIE. There is only 30 remaining.The ongoing threats these animals face are habitat destruction, population decline of prey species, fur trade and trophy hunting.
It is a creature that we must fight for to keep its rightful place on Earth, it is a creature of such magnificence and plays a vital role in the temperate forest of Russia.
Range of these animals is parts of Far East Russia with Amur River valley and a small area in Korea, Manchuria. The remaining Amur leopards concentrated in the Primorskii region of Far East Russia and Tzilin, Heilunzyan Provinces in Northern China.
HABITAT
DESCRIPTION
: They are able to adapt to both cold boreal climates, where temperatures are well below zero with their long legs and fur, and warmer temperatures in summer which can reach to 77degrees. Their coats are a light hue in winter and a reddish yellow hue in summer. The rosette spot patterns are widely spaced and are large with thick borders. Usually having no spaces between the spots. Amur leopard have a lifespan of approximately 10 to 15 years, this will differ though in captivity, living up to 20 years at times. Male Amur leopards weight between 32 - 48kg, with exceptionally large males up to 60 -75kg. Females are smaller weighing between 25-43kg.: This leopard is found in temperate forest habitat, which experience a wide range of variability in temperature and precipitation. It is known to adapt to almost any habitat that provides it with sufficient food and cover. :
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: The species range in Russia was dramatically reduced during the seventies, losing about 80% of its former range. Today, the leopard inhabits only about 5,000 km² and the last remaining viable wild population, estimated at less than 40 individuals, is found in a small area in the Russian Province of Primorsky Krai, between Vladivostok and the Chinese border. In adjacent China, fewer than 10 scattered individuals are estimated to remain. In South Korea, the last record of an Amur leopard dates back to 1969, when a leopard was captured on the slopes of Odo Mountain, in South Kyongsang Province.: Natural solitary and nocturnal mammals, however the males may show signs gregarious behaviour, staying with females after mating, and often helping rearing of the young. Several males sometimes follow and fight over a female.As prey species reduce, the Amur leopard searches for other sources of food. The Amur leopard is a nocturnal animal, and use the silent stalk and ambush techniques also used by the tiger. During the attack phase they may reach up to speed of 35miles/hour. However this speed is only a short bust, their energy is concentrated in their power allowing them to carry prey rather than for durable speeds and stamina. They tend to drag their prey up trees before consuming it, their strength and power is quite remarkable. Prey up to 3 times their own weight can be dragged up trees. Extremely agile, known to jump horizontally 6m and vertically 3m.
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Great photos and great information. The Amur tiger is a endangered as well. There is dispute among scientists regarding whether it is a distinct sub-species or not.
From Edinburgh zoo's website:
Undoubtedly, Amur tigers are one of the most impressive animals at Edinburgh Zoo. Watching our adults – Yuri, from Germany, or Moscow-born Sasha, our young mother – as they climb with grace and power around their enclosure, you can see why they are a predator to be feared even by brown bears, which they are known to have killed and eaten.
However both Sasha and Yuri have shown their softer sides in the past when they have had litters of cubs. Sasha would tolerate her offspring's playful attacks and mock battles as they learnt the skills so necessary for survival in the wild.
Even Yuri would put up with the cubs disturbing his rest as they “stalk” his tail. In their natural habitat of oak and birch forest around Russia’s Amur River, he would have moved on, likely to mate with another of the females within his territory.
Sasha and Yuri have had two litters of cubs at Edinburgh Zoo. The first litter of three females were born in february 2000 and the second litter was born in march 2003. All six cubs have been moved on to others zoos throughout Europe as part of the conservation breeding programme.
The future of this tiger subspecies, like its cousins from warmer climates of southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent, is precarious. Although there is a successful conservation breeding programme, in the wild there are severe threats. The habitat is being lost to the growth of agriculture, prey species (mainly deer and boar) are becoming scarce and poaching (profit comes mainly from the trade in body parts for traditional oriental medicine) is still rife.
The Amur Leopard is listed as an endangered species by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service and as an Appendix 1 species under CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered species of wild Fauna and Flora.
The Amur leopard is poached largely for its beautiful, spotted fur. In 1999, an undercover investigation team recovered a female and a male Amur leopard skin, which were being sold for US$ 500 and US$ 1,000 respectively, in the village of Barabash, not far from the Kedrovaya Pad reserve. This suggests that there is a market for such products within the locality itself. Agriculture and villages surround the forests where the leopards live. As a result the forests are relatively accessible, making poaching a bigger problem than elsewhere. Not only for the leopards themselves, but also for important prey species, such as roe deer, sika deer and hare, which are hunted by the villagers both for food and hard cash. The situation concerning the Amur leopard is critical. However, the fact that its more eminent cousin - the Amur tiger - recovered from a precarious state of less than 40 individuals some 60-70 years ago gives conservationists hope. It is believed that the Amur leopard can be saved from extinction if the present conservation initiatives are implemented, enhanced and sustained.
Habitat loss and fragmentation
It is estimated that between 1970-1983, the Amur leopard lost an astonishing 80% of its former territory. Indiscriminate logging, forest fires and land conversion for farming are the main causes. Still all is not lost. Even now large tracts of forest, which are ideal leopard habitat exist. If these areas can be protected from unsustainable logging, rampant forest fires and poaching of wildlife, the chance exists to increase the population of the subspecies in the wild.
Prey scarcity
There are still large tracts of suitable habitat left in China, but the prey base in these forests is insufficient to sustain populations of leopards and tigers. Prey populations will recover if the use of the forests by the local population is regulated and if measures are taken to limit the poaching of ungulates. For the Amur leopard to survive for the long term, it needs to repopulate its former range. But for that to happen, prey populations need to recover first.
Conflict with humans
Amur leopards are particularly vulnerable because of their preference for deer, a natural predatory preference but dangerous in the Russian Far East due to direct human involvement: farmers in the Russian Far East raise deer for human consumption, and to produce antlers for the Asian medicine market. In absence of wild prey, the leopards often venture into the deer farms in search for food. Owners of these farms are quick to protect their investment by eliminating leopards attacking their stock. Presently, the leopard's most immediate threat comes from such retaliatory or preventive killing.
Vulnerable population size and inbreeding
Additionally, the Amur leopard is threatened by the extremely small wild population size, which makes them vulnerable to "catastrophes" such as fire or disease, to chance variation in birth and death rates and sex ratios (e.g. all cubs born for two years might be male), and to inbreeding depression. Father-daughter and sibling matings have been observed and it is possible that this may lead to genetic problems including reduced fertility. Such matings do of course occur naturally to a certain extent in large cat populations, but in a very small population there is no possibility of subsequent out breeding. Studies have shown that the number of cubs per adult female fell to 1 in 1991 from 1.9 in 1973.