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In the world of alternative fuels and transport, there are two types of technologies 

that are highly controversial:

1. Specifically to biofuels, fuels made (exclusively) from feedstocks that are also 

used for food production.

2. In every alt transport sector, infrastructure-incompatible fuels or engine 

technologies.

While fuel or vehicle cost impact is a huge factor in adoption, much of the squabble 

over the US Renewable Fuel Standard, for example, has to do with how ethanol 

matches up with the existing vehicle fleet and fuel transport infrastructure.

The fact that Brazil solved a lot of those challenges, years ago, is one of the reasons 

why major petroleum producers like BP, Shell and Petrobras are diving into Brazilian 

ethanol while refiners in the US have been, by and large, tepid in their support.

Meanwhile, in the US producers have reached the distribution wall imposed by E10 

blend limits; E15 blending is early-stage and controversial; for higher blends, there’s 

an acute shortage of pumps, and E85 prices aren’t tempting many customers.

But the controversy over infrastructure extends well beyond ethanol. Biodiesel 

producers have worked hard to move accepted blend ratios beyond B5 towards B20 

and eventually B100. For compressed natural gas (CNG), there are only around 500 

pumps in the country; for liquified natural gas (LNG), there are only around 40, and 

most of those in one state (California). Battery-electric vehicles struggle with recharge 

facility availabilities and charge-time.