Friday October 10, 2008, 6:05 am
RICHMOND, Virginia - Scientists have confirmed the second case of a "virgin birth" in a shark.

In a study reported today in the Journal of Fish Biology, scientists said DNA testing proved that a pup carried by a female blacktip shark in a Virginia aquarium contained no genetic material from a male.

The first documented case of asexual reproduction, or parthenogenesis, among sharks involved a pup born to a hammerhead at an Omaha, Nebraska, zoo.

"This first case was no fluke," Demian Chapman, a shark scientist and lead author of the second study, said in a statement. "It is quite possible that this is something female sharks of many species can do on occasion."

The scientists cautioned that the rare asexual births should not be viewed as a possible solution to declining global shark populations. The aquarium sharks that reproduced without mates each carried only one pup, while some species can produce litters of a dozen or more.

"It is very unlikely that a small number of female survivors could build their numbers up very quickly by undergoing virgin birth," Chapman said.

The medical mystery began 16 months ago after the death of Tidbit, a blacktip shark that had lived for eight years at the Virginia Aquarium & Marine Science Centre in Virginia Beach. No male blacktip sharks were present during her eight years.

In May 2007, the 1.5-metre, 42.6-kilogram shark died after it was given a sedative before undergoing a yearly checkup. The 25-centimetre shark pup was found during a necropsy, surprising aquarium officials. They initially thought the embryonic pup was either the product of a virgin birth or a cross between the blacktip and a male of another shark species - which has never been documented, Chapman said.

Tidbit's pup was nearly full term, and likely would have been quickly eaten by "really big sand tiger sharks" that were in the tank, Chapman said in a telephone interview from Florida.

That is what happened to the tiny hammerhead pup in the Omaha case.

"By the time they could realise what they were looking at, something munched the baby," he said of aquarium workers. The remains of the pup were used for the DNA testing.

Virgin birth has been proven in some bony fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds, and has been suspected among sharks in the wild. The scientists who studied the Virginia and Nebraska sharks said the newly formed pups acquired one set of chromosomes when the mother's chromosomes split during egg development, then united anew.

Absent the chromosomes present in the male sperm, the offspring of an asexual conception have reduced genetic diversity and, the scientists said, may be at a disadvantage for surviving in the wild. A pup, for instance, can be more susceptible to congenital disorders and diseases.

The scientists said their findings offer "intriguing questions" about how frequently automictic parthenogenesis occurs in the wild.

"It is possible that parthenogenesis could become more common in these sharks if population densities become so low that females have trouble finding mates," said Mahmood Shivji, one of the scientists and director of the Guy Harvey Research Institute at Nova Southeastern University in Florida.

The DNA fingerprinting techniques used by the scientists are identical to those used in human paternity testing.

Chapman, who is with the Institute for Ocean Conservation Science at Stony Brook, was assisted in the study by Beth Firchau of the Virginia Aquarium.

Chapman and Shivji were on the team that made the first discovery of virgin birth involving the Nebraska shark.

Friday October 10, 2008, 6:17 am
one does have to wonder if this is at all possible in the wild. or is this a result of forced chemicals and stress changing the homones and biological make up of the female captives.

Saturday October 11, 2008, 2:06 pm
Very interesting but while it's possible that endocrine processes and chemicals attributed to captivity may play a role, there is no need to assume it to see parthenogenesis emerge in this context.

As written in the article, "virgin birth", or parthenogenesis, is a common mode of reproduction among different species of fish, reptiles and even birds. Some species even have a dual-mode of reproduction where parthenogenesis (asexual) and sexual reproduction alternate called heterogony (http://www.cladocera.de/heterogony/heterogony.html). Those strategies evolved because of context-specific selective pressures.

Another somewhat similar process is found in sequential hermaphrodite species (sex-changing) and the change is attributed to social factors related to the sex-ratio in the population (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1664627).

For example :

"One of the most dramatic sights in nature is the mating of the sea bass Serranus subligarins. When two female sea bass meet to mate, one undergoes protogyny, changing color from a deep blue to bright orange with a white stripe. After fertilization, both fish then switch sex (and coloring) and then mate again" (http://science.jrank.org/pages/3309/Hermaphrodite-Sequential-or-serial-hermaphrodites.html).

It is thus not surprising that virgin birth can occur where there are no males around. Obviously, though, it would be hard to find in the wild because, well, they are sharks!!!

Saturday October 11, 2008, 2:19 pm
lol, true francois, i realize it would be hard to observe such an event in the wild as they are sharks. but i really appreciate the rest of the class. thank you for expanding my mind -it is an honor. i knew so little on this topic but found it fascinating -and a little upsetting because of the captivity -because they just weren't put here to be. thank you again:)

Saturday October 11, 2008, 2:36 pm
You're welcome! My pleasure!